Why measure trough levels

Statistical analysis Students's t test and Fisher's exact test were used to examine the association between disease activity clinical remission [CR] vs active disease and adalimumab trough level or AAA positivity, respectively. Ethical consideration This study was approved by the IRB of each hospital. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2.

Potential factors associated with adalimumab trough values and the occurrence of AAA A multivariable linear regression model with baseline information suggested that female and increasing body weight were independently associated with low trough level of adalimumab Table 2 model 1. Table 2 A multiple linear regression model to assess the association between adalimumab trough value and associated potential factors. Table 3 The multivariate logistic regression of the association between the occurrence of AAA and associated potential factors.

Figure 3. Supporting information Click here for additional data file. Click here for additional data file. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. Adalimumab for the induction and maintenance of clinical remission in Japanese patients with Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis. Adalimumab monotherapy and a combination with azathioprine for Crohn's disease: a prospective randomized trial.

Effects of concomitant immunomodulators on the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis who had failed conventional therapy. Development of a Crohn's disease activity index. Lennard L, Singleton HJ. J Chromatogr. Clinical response to adalimumab. Ann Rheum Dis. Relationship between serum trough infliximab levels, pretreatment C reactive protein levels, and clinical response to infliximab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Inflamm Bowel Dis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. Serum adalimumab consentration and clinical remission in patients with Crohn's disease. Adalimumab drug and antibody as predictors of clinical and laboratory response in patients with Crohn's disease. Development of algorithm incorporating pharmacokinetics of adalimumab in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. Antibodies to adalimumab are associated with future inflammation in Crohn's patients receiving maintenance adalimumab therapy: a post hoc analysis of the Karmiris trial.

J Rheumatol. The sexual dimorphism of obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol. Sex is associated with adalimumab side effects and drug survival in patients with Crohn's disease. Increased body mass index is associated with earlier time to loss of response to infliximab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Predictor of dose escalation of adalimumab in a prospective cohort of Crohn's disease patients. Comparative analysis of the influence of clinical factors including BMI on adalimumab and infliximab trough levels.

Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Prior response to infliximab and early serum drug concentrations predict effects of adalimumab in ulcerative colitis. Infliximab and adalimumab drug levels in Crohn's disease: contrasting associations with disease activity and influencing factors. Relationship between serum infliximab trough levels and endoscopic activities in patients with Crohn's disease under scheduled maintenance treatment. J Gastroenterol. Mechanisms of loss of response to adalimumab in Crohn's disease.

Adalimumab induction therapy for Crohn disease previously treated with infliximab: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. J Pharm Biomed Anal. Adalimumab monotherapy versus combination therapy with immunomodulators in patients with Crohn's disease. Adalimumab or inflizximab as monotherapy, or in combination with an immunomodulatory, in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Support Center Support Center.

External link. Please review our privacy policy. Eleven blood samples were taken during a period of 32 h after ingestion by use of a validated dried blood spot method. Tacrolimus concentrations were measured with HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations at 24 and 32 h postdose were 8. The Spearman correlation coefficients between these concentrations and h exposure were 0. In conclusion, delayed trough level measurement provides lower values and therefore requires adjustment of the target range.

In general, the ideal range between highest and lowest effective and safe level is the therapeutic range of the drug. Unless a drug is being administered by continuous infusion, there are variations in concentration depending upon dosing intervals. Depending upon the route of administration, a peak highest concentration occurs at an interval following administration. For injection, this depends upon the volume of distribution of the drug. For oral ingestion, rate of absorption and distribution is important.

The half-life of the drug and the ability of the body to metabolize or excrete the drug determine the trough lowest concentration of drug before the next dose. It may be necessary to determine how a patient's renal or hepatic status may affect drug concentrations. For example, with drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics excreted via the kidney, the patient's renal function is important, and a serum creatinine level may be obtained. The very young and older persons may have different levels of metabolism or volume of distribution, so age may play a role in determining proper drug administration.